[JP] Kongo

J'ai trouvé ce matin un article du wikipedia très complet sur le Kongo, incluant des images du navire avant et après son refit majeur de 1931.
Hélas tout est en anglais, et je n'ai pas le temps (aujourd'hui en tout cas) de le traduire.

Voici le texte en langue british :

Japanese battleship Kongo

Kongo ("indestructible") was the Imperial Japanese Navy's first super-dreadnought type battlecruiser, and the name-ship of her class, which also included the Hiei, Kirishima, and Haruna.

Career
Ordered: 1911
Laid down: January 17, 1911
Launched: May 18, 1912
Commissioned: August 16, 1913
Fate: Sunk on 21 November 1944 in the Formosa Strait
Removed from the Navy list: 20 January 1945

General characteristics
Displacement: 36,600 tons
Length: 222 m (728 feet 4 inches)
Beam: 31 m (101 feet 8 inches)
Draught: 9.7 m (31 feet 9 inches)
Propulsion: steam turbines, 4 shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Range: 10,000 nm at 14 kt
Complement: 1360
Armament: Eight 14 inch guns, sixteen 6 inch guns, eight 5 inch DP, up to 118 × 25 mm AA

Design and build
In 1908, the commissioning of the battlecruiser HMS Invincible armed with eight 12 inch guns, into the Royal Navy rendered all of the Imperial Japanese Navy's warships obsolete, including those under design. In response, the Japanese Diet passed the 1911 Naval Emergency Expansion bill, funding the design and construction of one battleship and four armored cruisers. The battleship was to be the Fuso and the first of the cruisers was the Kongo.

Kongo was the last major Japanese warship to be built abroad and was the creation of Vickers' chief designer, Sir George Thurston. Freed from the Admiralty's tight design specifications, he came up with what was immediately recognised to be a fine and superbly-balanced warship, mounting eight 14 inch main guns. The key feature of the Kongo class was that it had its main gun turrets all either aft or fore, eliminating the amidship turret which had a poor firing arc. Thurston's design was so influential that the Royal Navy stopped work on their HMS Tiger, the second of the Lion class battlecruisers, and had her built on a design very similar to that of Kongo.

Kongo was laid down on January 17, 1911, launched on May 18, 1912 and completed and sent to Japan on August 16, 1913. Named after Mount Kongo in Osaka Prefecture, Kongo was the first battleship in the world to carry 14 inch main armament.

Between the wars, Kongo was heavily rebuilt twice by the Imperial Japanese Navy. In 1929, the Navy was unable to build more battleships as a result of the limitation of the Washington Naval Treaty. Kongo and her sisters were therefore given heavier horizontal armour and torpedo bulges, as well as equipped to carry three Model 90 type 0 floatplanes. All 36 Yarrow-type boilers were removed and replaced with ten new boilers. On 31 March 1931 the reconstruction was completed and Kongo was rerated a battleship.

Japan withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty in 1933, and in 1935 began rebuilding the Kongo class again. Their sterns were lengthened by 25 feet. Kongo was upgraded with oil-fired Kampon boilers and Parsons-geared turbines. A catapult and rails for three Nakajima E8N1 Type 95 ("Dave") and Kawanishi E7K1 Type 94 ("Alf") floatplanes was installed. The 1935 rebuild saw their maximum speed increased to 30 knots, and they were reclassified as "fast battleships". The reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937.

Since Kongo and her sisters were originally battlecruisers, built for speed, they were initially the only battleships that could keep up with the fast fleet carriers. This made them the perfect heavy escorts for the aircraft carriers that were beginning to serve as the key offensive elements of the Japanese Navy.

Service during the Second World War

Kongo after her 1929-31 reconstruction entered the Second World War under the command of Captain Koyanagi Tomiji. On 1 August 1941 she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division of the First Fleet at Hashirajima in Hiroshima Bay, along with Hiei, Kirishima, and Haruna. On 29 November 1941 the second section of BatDiv 3, composed of Kongo and Haruna, was attached to Admiral Kondo Nobutake's Second Fleet, Southern Force's Main Body, along with Cruiser Division 4—Atago, Maya and Takao—as well as eight destroyers, and departed for Makung, Pescadores. On 2 December, the Main Body arrived at Makung and was notified that hostilities would commence on 8 December.

On 4 December 1941, the Main Body set sail for the South China Sea to provide distant support to the invasion forces. On the afternoon of 9 December, the Main Body was sailing southeast of Indochina near the Poulo Condore Islands when the submarine I-65 sighted a British force steaming northwest. This was Force Z under Admiral Sir Tom S. V. Phillips, sortied out of Singapore to intercept the Japanese landings on Malaya. Force Z comprised two capital ships—the modern battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the refitted First World War–era battlecruiser HMS Repulse—and a destroyer escort.

The Main Body sortied for a night engagement with Force Z but was unable to make contact, despite the two forces coming within five miles of each other. Later that day, the Main Body and other ships that had joined the search departed after receiving word that the big British ships had been overwhelmed and sunk by air attack by 88 bombers and torpedo-bombers out of Saigon and Thu Dau Mot in French Indochina.

The Main Body spent the next two months covering a number of invasions: supporting the second Malaya convoy while northeast of Natuna Besar Island; covering the landings at Lingayen Gulf, Philippines; and providing distance cover from around Palau for air strikes on Ambon Island in the Dutch East Indies. On 21 February 1942, the Main Body arrived at Staring Bay near Kendari, Celebes and met up with the Carrier Striking Force under Vice Admiral Nagumo Chuichi, fresh from their 19 February strike on Darwin. Four days later, BatDiv 3, Atago, Takao and two destroyers were detached from the Main Body under Vice Admiral Kondo at the start of Operation J, the invasion of the Dutch East Indies. Tasked with hunting shipping attempting to escape Java, BatDiv 3 bombarded Christmas Island, 190 miles south of Java, on 7 March 1942. By its return to Staring Bay on 9 March, following surrender of the Dutch East Indies, Kondo's force had sunk eight British, American and Dutch ships. From 10 March to 25 March, the crews of the Kongo and her three sister ships are put on standby alert and allowed their first rest and relaxation after three months of continuous operations.

On 26 March 1942, BatDiv 3 sortied out of Staring Bay through the Timor Sea into the Indian Ocean with the Carrier Striking Force: Akagi, Hiryu, Shoryu, Shokaku and the Zuikaku. During the following Indian Ocean raid, the Japanese attacked the British forces at Colombo, Ceylon on 5 April and at Trincomalee four days later. During the fighting around Trincomalee, Kongo was attacked by nine Bristol Blenheim bombers of the No. XI SquadronRoyal Air Force. The Bristols scored no hits and five were lost to the Zeros of the Japanese Combat Air Patrol. At the end of the Indian Ocean operations, Kongo returned to Japan and entered dry dock at Sasebo Navy Yard for refitting of her anti-aircraft guns from 23 April to 2 May.

Midway
On 27 May 1942, Kongo and Hiei departed Hashirajima, having been reassigned into Bat Div 3, section 1 of the Second Fleet's Strike Force, Support Force, Main Body, also composed of five cruisers and seven destroyers for the strike at Midway Atoll. On 6 June, two days after the stunning loss of the carriers Kaga, Akagi, Shoryu, and Hiryu in the Battle of Midway, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto ordered BatDiv 3 and other vessels to detach from the Second Fleet and go north to meet up with the Second Mobile Force's carriers Junyo and Ryujo, then attacking the Aleutian Islands. Later reinforced by Zuikaku, this force patrolled 700 miles south of Kiska in anticipation of an American counter-attack that did not materialize.

By mid-July, Kongo had been reassigned to the Second Fleet, Advanced Force, Vanguard Group, BatDiv 3, along with Haruna. On 11 September 1942, BatDiv 3 sortied out of Chuuk towards the Solomon Islands as the Second Fleet accompanied the carriers of the Third Fleet towards the Battle of Guadalcanal that had begun with the American landing on 7 August. Three days later, Kongo came under attack from eight heavy bombers but was undamaged. The fleets were ordered back to Truk on 20 September, but BatDiv 3, the light cruiser Isuzu and nine destroyers were assigned to the Emergency Bombardment Force. Kongo and Haruna bombarded Henderson Field on Lunga Point, Guadacanal beginning at 0127 on 13 October 1942. BatDiv 3 passed Lunga Point on an easterly course, firing their main armament to the starboard before a 180-degree turn and firing to the port while returning. Six-inch shore batteries responded, but did not have the range to hit the battleships. Kongo fired 104 1,378 lb high-explosive Type 3 "Sanshikidan" 14 inch shells, 331 1,485 lb. Type 1 armor-piercing 14 inch shells, and 27 6 inch shells. This was the first time she fired the Type 3 shells. More than 40 American aircraft were lost on the ground in the bombardment, and the airfield rendered temporarily unusable. An attack by four PT boats of the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three was driven off by the destroyer screen. The bombardment ended at 0230.

On 25 October 1942, the Advanced Force was 525 miles northwest of Espiritu Santo when it was spotted by a B-17 Flying Fortress of the land-based 11th Bombardment Group, Heavy. During the following day's Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Kongo came under attack by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers from the USS Enterprise but was undamaged. She returned to Chuuk and, on November 1, Captain Koyanagi was promoted to Rear Admiral.

Eight days later BatDiv 3 departed Chuuk for the Ontong Java Plateau north of the Solomons as part of the screen for the Main Body. The attempt to locate and sink Enterprise with air attacks failed. During the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal that began on 12 November, BatDiv 3 provided distant cover for the bombardment force that was to shell Henderson Field before withdrawing on the 15th. On 16 December 1942, Captain Ijuin Matsuji took command of Kongo and Rear Admiral Koyanagi was reassigned as Commander of the destroyer squadron (ComDesRon) at Rabaul. On 30 January 1943, a task force of ships from the Second and Third Fleets steamed north of the Solomons as a feint while destroyers from Rabaul evacuated the 12,000 troops off of Guadacanal before returning to Sasebo.

From 27 February to 13 March 1943, Kongo was drydocked while concrete protection was added around the steering mechanism, new watertight bulkheads and emergency fuel pumps were installed, and several 6 inch secondary guns were replaced with antiaircraft guns. These measures were taken after the loss of Hiei and Kirishima in the Guadalcanal naval battle. Back in Chuuk on 12 May 1943, BatDiv 3 and others were reassigned to the Attu Task Force in response to the American invasion of Attu Island. A powerful force including three carriers had formed up in Tokyo Bay when word came on 22 May that Attu had fallen, and the task force was disbanded. Captain Shimazaki Toshio took command on 17 July, while Ijuin, promoted to Rear Admiral, was reassigned ComDesRon 3, Second Fleet. In late October 1943, a fleet including BatDiv 3 sortied out of Chuuk to intercept a predicted second raid on Wake Island by the six carriers under Rear Admiral Alfred Montgomery but no contact was made.

Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944:
The battleship in the lower center is either Kongo or Haruna, while the carrier making evasive maneuvers to the right is Chiyoda. From 30 January to 14 February 1944, BatDiv 3 was drydocked at Sasebo again as her AA guns were reconfigured. In early March, BatDiv 3 disembarked troops on the Lingga Islands, south of Singapore, before beginning several months of training. On 11 May, BatDiv 3 steamed with the Mobile Fleet from Lingga to Tawi-Tawi in the far south of the Philippines. On 13 June, the signal was given to start Operation A-Go, which became known as the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and the Mobile Fleet left Tawi-Tawi, being spotted by the USS Redfin outside the anchorage. The fleet arrived in Guimaras the next day and left Guimaras on the 15th through the Visayan Sea, spotted again by Flying Fish and two days later by Cavalla in the Philippine Sea. On 20 June, BatDiv 3 and the carrier Chiyoda came under attack by Curtiss SB2C Helldiver dive bombers and Avenger torpedo-bombers from the carriers Bunker Hill, Monterey and Cabot. Kongo was again untouched though Haruna and Chiyoda were damaged in the disastrous battle. The fleet retired to Nakagusuku Bay, Okinawa

From 30 June to 7 July 1944, Kongo was drydocked at Kure Naval Yard as her radar and gunnery control was upgraded and 12 triple- and 40 single-mounted 25mm anti-aircraft guns were installed. As a result of the sequence of modifications, her secondary armament consisted at this time of 8 six-inch and 6 dual five-inch guns with a total of 100 25-mm AA. Following her undocking, Kongo ferried arms and Army troops to Nakagusuku Bay before returning to Lingga, where she was rejoined by Haruna. She received a final refit in September when 18 more 25 mm AA guns were added, bringing the total to 118.


Battle of Leyte Gulf
On 22 October 1944, Kongo departed Brunei Bay, Borneo as the flagship of the Second Section of Force "A" of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's First Striking Force, situated behind the First Section. The Second Section consisted of BatDiv 3, four cruisers of CruDiv 7, two cruisers of CruDiv 5 and DesRon 2's ten destroyers headed by the light cruiser Noshiro. The resulting series of clashes is known in English as the Battle of Leyte Gulf, in which the Japanese force was greatly outnumbered

The following day, Force "A" came under attack by two submarines in the Battle of the Palawan Passage. Two cruisers were sunk, though Kongo was unharmed. On the 24th, Force "A" came under attack by over 250 carrier based aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. The battleship Musashi was sunk and Haruna was damaged. Kurita ordered Force "A" to back out of the Sibuyan Sea before re-advancing through San Bernardino Strait.

The battle off Samar on 25 October 1944At 0030 on 25 October 1944, Force "A" exited San Bernadino Strait and turned south toward Leyte Gulf. Five hours later, Japanese lookouts spot three carriers, three cruisers and three destroyers at a range of 23 miles bearing 60 degrees to port. BatDiv 3 is ordered east to cut off escape but Haruna, her propellers still damaged from the Battle of the Philippine Sea, soon falls behind. At 0558, Force "A" opened fire on "Taffy 3" (Task Group 38.3), composed of the escort carriers USS St. Lo, White Plains, Kalinin Bay, Fanshaw Bay, Kitkun Bay and Gambier Bay with a screen of three destroyers and five destroyer escorts.

Two minutes later, Kongo began firing her main guns at a range of 15 miles. At 0622, the continuous strafing by F4F Wildcats damaged the rangefinder for the main guns. Three minutes after that, Kongo was taken under fire by the destroyer USS Hoel at 14,000 yards. Hoel took a 14-inch shell on her bridge but, in return, launched torpedoes at a range 9,000 yards. Around this time, Kongo switched to her secondary guns as the distance rangefinder was not set for such close engagements. At 0630, Kongo's lookouts spotted four torpedoes from Hoel in the water; she turned hard to port and all torpedoes missed. At 0654, the destroyer USS Heermann fired three torpedoes at Kongo. These torpedoes went past but forced the battleships Yamato and Nagato to flee ten miles northward until the torpedoes ran out of fuel. Meanwhile, at 0655 Kongo scored multiple hits against Gambier Bay.

At about 0800, Kongo's rangefinder was repaired and she brought under fire destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts. Roberts, already hit by 8-inch shells, was devastated by a salvo of 14-inch shells and sank at 0912. At 0813, Kongo evaded two more torpedo tracks. Between 0755 and 0910, Force "A" together sank Gambier Bay, destroyers Hoel and Johnston and Samuel B. Roberts.

At 0825, Kurita ordered Force "A" north, but at 1020 reversed course and headed for Leyte Gulf once again. Between 1030 and 1320, the cruisers Chyukai, Chikuma, and Suzuya were disabled and subsequently lost. During this time, from 1228 to 1248, Kongo came under attack by about 20 Helldiver dive bombers off of "Taffy 1" and has five near misses. One near miss starboard amindships dented the side plating and torpedo bulges, causing sea water to contaminate the fuel tanks there. Another near miss slightly bent both starboard propeller blades. The attacks killed 12 crewmen and injured another 36. One historian notes that Kongo was "heretofore charmed".

With the force heavily bloodied and lacking tactical control, Kurita ordered Force "A" to reverse course again and at 2100 sailed back through the San Bernardino Strait.
The next day at about 0800, while in the Tablas Strait, Force "A" was attacked by 30 Avengers off of USS Wasp and Cowpens. This was followed by another wave of about 50 Helldivers and Avengers off of USS Hornet, that scored two hits on Yamato, the only battleship not be be damaged in the previous battles. At 1040, about 30 B-24 Liberators of the 13th Army Air Force Far Eastern Air Force out of Morotai attacked. Twenty minutes later, 60 aircraft off of Task Groups 38.2 and 38.4 attacked, sinking Noshiro. Kongo was not further damaged and the remnants of Force "A" returned to Brunei Bay without further incident.

Sinking
Kongo remained based in Brunei Bay until after a raid by 40 USAAF B-24 bombers and 15 P-38 Lightning fighters on 16 November 1944. Much of the fleet used the intervening time for emergency repairs. At 1830, a task force consisting of BatDiv 1's Yamato BatDiv 3's Kongo and newly reassigned Nagato, all damaged in the Leyte Gulf fighting, with a light cruiser and four destroyers for screen, departed for repairs at Kure. Haruna, as the only battleship in fighting trim, was separated to center the Southern Fleet. The crews of both Kongo and Haruna viewed their separation with some unease ; the two ships had never been separated while in a war zone. BatDiv 3 CO Vice Admiral Yoshio Suzuki maintained his flag on Kongo.

On 20 November 1944, the task force entered the Formosa Strait without incident, making a steady 16 knots to save fuel. The center line of the formation was composed of the heavy cruiser Yahagi, followed by battleships Kongo, Nagato and then Yamato. The destroyers Isokaze and Yamakaze patrolled to port, while Urakaze and Yukikaze were to starboard. As night fell, the sky became overcast with 1500 yards visibility and fairly calm seas with rising winds. Shortly before midnight, Vice-Admiral Matome Ugaki was called to the bridge of Yamato after enemy radar was detected between 0 and 70 degrees. Without knowing whether the radar was from an enemy plane or submarine, Yamato CO Morishita ordered a course of 050 degrees with minimal zigzagging in order to get past the unknown source. The column shifted to the new course as midnight passed and Tuesday, 21 November 1944 began. The unknown radar contact appeared to go to port and astern as the fleet moved on. By 0230, it appeared that the contact was an aircraft, rather than a submarine, in which case the radar would have been expected to stop suddenly as it dived to attack.

The radar contact was in fact the submarine Sealion II, under Lt. Cmdr. Eli Reich. While on patrol off the northern tip of Formosa, radar picked up a three radar pips at the incredibly long range of 44,000 yards, though he had already been detected by Yamato. Reich was at first convinced that Sealion was somehow bouncing radar off the island itself, but at 0048 radar reported the range at 32,000, stating "Two targets of battleship proportions and two of large cruiser size! Course 060 True! Speed 16 knots! Not zigging!" (The second "cruiser" was in fact a battleship.) After sending off a contact report to Pearl Harbor, Reich decided to chase and attack on the surface, an unusual decision given the danger of a massive salvo from the battleships if discovered.

Sealion went to full speed to get into attack position and by 0146 was to the port of the Japanese force in increasing winds and rougher seas. Radar showed a column of cruiser–battleship–battleship–cruiser (actually Yamato). The force was still not zigzagging on course 057 and Sealion edged out front to perfect attack position by 0245. Choosing the first battleship as the first target, Sealion came in. Noting that the enemy destroyer contacts were overlapping with the others, Reich set the torpedoes to run at eight feet on the off chance that he might hit a destroyer as well.

At 0256, Sealion came about to heading 168 and fired six torpedoes at Kongo at a range of 3000 yards before coming about to fire three torpedoes from the stern tubes at the second battleship, Nagato, at 0259:30 at 3100 yards. Sealion then escaped due west. At 0301, Yamato saw two hits on Kongo, though Sealion reported hearing three. Nagato turned hard to port to avoid any other torpedoes and the second salvo went by, only to hit Urakaze. At 0304, the third torpedo hit Urakaze either in a magazine or torpedo tube, causing massive secondary explosions. Blown apart, Urakaze sank within two minutes with the loss of all her crew. The loss of Urakaze to the starboard of Kongo was misinterpreted in the confusion to mean that the attack had come from the east and Yurikaze charged there to drop depth charges.

Kongo had been hit by two torpedoes : in the port bow chain locker and just aft of port amidships. The second hit had flooded boiler rooms 6 and 8, but she had enough steam pressure to maintain fleet speed of 16 knots. However, Kongo began to assume a slight list to port. The situation regarding Urakaze was confused; so fast had she disappeared that at least some of the fleet did not appear to realize that she was missing. However, the situation on Kongo appeared under control. Once Kongo reported that she could maintain speed, the decision was made to continue and try to escape the submarine. Some of the crew even returned their bunks to sleep.

At 0405, the fleet began to detect radar from Sealion. Sealion had also not realized that Urakaze had been sunk and Reich thought that his low depth torpedoes had perhaps only dented the battleships. He pushed Sealion at 17 knots to get back into attack position in worsening seas that were at Force 5 or 6. The fleet could detect Sealion and began to zigzag at about 0405. Yamato was tracking Sealion and could attack if necessary, but the low risk option was simply to lose the pursuer.

However, Kongo was having its own problems. The decision to continue at cruising speed had led to an inrush of water that continued to crush bulkheads. The charge into high seas also progressively widened the hole in the bow. Despite divers doing perilous repairs in the flooded and torn compartments, Kongo was forced to stop zigzagging and then slow to 12 knots. As she did, she assumed the last position in the column with Sealion still in pursuit. However, the list to port had been checked at 12 degrees and the fleet was guardedly optimistic that damage control was holding its own against the onrushing water. Nevertheless, reports soon came in of leaks causing progressive flooding and the list continued to 14 degrees before checking again. Unsettled, Capt. Shimazaki requested permission to leave the fleet and make for port at Keelung, 65 nautical miles away. Hamakaze and Isokaze were detached to provide protection and the fleet split at 0440, with Kongo listing at 15 degrees and making 10 knots.

The crew seemed unaware that the ship was critically damaged, with the Chief Navigator predicting that they would make port in six hours. Soon after leaving the fleet, the list grew to more than 20 degrees and Shimazaki ordered all hands to move to starboard as the list was causing difficulty in maintaining a heading. To make matters worse, the radar contact of Sealion radar contact showed that it was following Kongo rather than the main force. Regardless, Sealion was not the main danger. Fifteen minutes after separating, Kongo was leaning at 45 degrees. The engine rooms began to flood and by 0518 the ship was going dead in the water. Confirmation that Kongo was in fact sinking, if any was needed at this point, came with word that the Deputy Damage Control Officer had committed suicide over his failure. Shimazaki ordered all hands to the deck and to prepare to Abandon Ship. The ensign was lowered as all hands saluted and an orderly was sent to get the Imperial Portrait of Hirohito.

At 0522, Shimazaki gave the order to Abandon Ship and the crew began to go over the side. Hamakaze and Isokaze, ignoring the imminent danger of the approaching Sealion, approached Kongo from the high starboard side to gather as many crew before they went into the high dark seas. Submariners on Sealion looked on in amazement as the radar contacts stopped moving. The crew of Kongo scrambled off the side as she began to roll and the list grew to more than 60 degrees. Calamity then struck at 0524 as the forward 14-inch shell magazines ignited in four massive explosions throwing parts of ship and men into the sky. Reich wrote "sky brilliantly illuminated—it looked like a sunset at night". The two destroyers were saved from the fragmentation by the high side of the Kongo but the explosion sent the remains of the battleship under the waves immediately. The destroyers set about rescuing survivors, unaware that Reich had set off in pursuit of the other battleships rather than try for the lesser destroyers. Helped by the dawn that arrived an hour later, 13 officers and 224 petty officers and men survived from Kongo. About 1250 had died, including Vice Admiral Suzuki and the CO, Rear Admiral Shimazaki. The Imperial Portrait was not recovered.

Kongo was the only battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy to be sunk by a submarine, and the last battleship ever sunk by a submarine. Unusually, a crewmember of the Sealion had placed a portable film optical recording machine by the intercom of the conning tower when ordered to battle stations. The result is thought to be the only surviving sound recording of a submarine attack upon warships during the Second World War.

Je ferai une fiche sur le kongo plus tard... Je pense que je supprimerai ces topics et je laisserai les liens pour nos amis anglophones.

Merci d'attirer mon attention sur ce navire magnifique !

Rapides classe Kongo
Japon, 1941

Cuirassés rapides
Les quatre croiseurs de bataille de la classe Kongo, lancés en 1912-13 étaient d'origine Britannique, construits pour la flotte Nippone. Il s'agissait du Kirishima, du Hiei, du Kongo et du Haruna. Il s'agissait des premiers navires de ligne modernes de la marine Japonaise, et des plus puissants navires de guerre de sa flotte, ainsi que du pacifique. Rapides (28 noeuds), mais bien peu protégés, comme tous bons navires de ce type, ils furent totalement refondus, gagnant un blindage considérable, qui les fit reclasser comme cuirassés. En revanche, leur vitesse tomba à 26 noeuds, leur tonnage, enflant pour passer de 27 500 à 30 000 tonnes en standard. En 1931, tous les trois avaient étés refondus de la sorte, perdant une cheminée et leur mât avant devenant un tour blindée en pagode. Enfin, leur artillerie principale passa d'une hausse de 33 à 43°. Le Hiei avait été désarmé et transformé en navire-école, mais il fut réarmé en 1936-40, lors de la seconde refonte de ces quatre navires.

Le Kirishima en 1941.

Leurs machines furent changées, avec un doublement de puissance, une vitesse passée à 30 noeuds, ce qui permit également de renforcer leur blindage. Le Hiei eut une superstructure entièrement nouvelle, qui servit de modèle pour les Yamato. Ils furent allongés et reçurent une batterie AA conséquente. Ils disposaient de 4 canons de 40 mm et 8 mitrailleuses de 13,2 mm, mais rapidement ceux ci furent remplacés par des batteries de 25 mm (20), puis 34 en 1943, avec deux tourelles de 100 mm supplémentaires et de 100 à 118 de 25 mm en 1945. Dès 1944, le Kongo et le Haruna reçurent un radar. Les Kongo auraient dû être suivis des quatre Amagi, armés de pièces de 381 mm, puis des Tosa, de pièces de 457 mm, mais aucun de ces monstres programmés en 1918 ne verra le jour du fait du traité de Washington.

Ils furent très actifs durant le conflit, particulièrement dans les Salomon. Deux furent coulés lors de la seconde bataille de Guadalcanal, le Hiei le 13 et le Kirishima le 15 novembre 1942, le premier frappé par plus de 50 coups au but des croiseurs et achevé à la torpille, et le second criblé d'impacts de ces mêmes croiseurs et du cuirassé USS Washington à faible distance, mais restant toujours à flot, les Japonais eux-mêmes le sabordèrent pour éviter sa capture. Le Kongo et le Haruna faisaient partie de l'escadre principale de Toyoda, celle de Kurita, avec le Yamato et le Nagato, à la bataille de Samar (Leyte) en octobre 1944. Le Kongo, attaqué par le destroyer USS Hoel, lors d'une attaque risquée et désespérée, le détruisit presque à bout portant. Il endommagea également très sérieusement les Johnston et Heerman. Les deux cuirassés Nippons seront pris à partie par l'aviation Américaine, puis se retireront vers midi. A peu près un mois plus tard, le 21 novembre, le Kongo sera torpillé par le submersible USS Sealion et coulera lentement (2 heures) permettant de sauver une bonne partie de son équipage. Le Haruna sera le dernier à survivre jusqu'en juillet 1945. Comme tant d'autres rescapés de la marine Nippone, il était à Kure lorsque les raids américains l'anéantirent. Il coulera en eaux peu profondes le 28 et sera renfloué pour démolition en 1946.

Spécifications techniques
Déplacement 32 150 t. standard -36 050 t. Pleine Charge
Dimensions 222 m long, 29 m large, 9,72 m de tirant d'eau
Machines 4 hélices, 4 turbines, 11 chaudières, 136 000 cv.
Vitesse maximale 30,5 noeuds
Blindage Ponts 120-96, blockhaus 330, ceinture 300, tourelles, 330, barbettes 300
Armement 8 canons de 356 (4x2), 14 de 152 (barbettes), 12 canons de 127 (6x2), 34 de 25 mm AA, 3 avions
Equipage 1 437

Très bon article...
Par contre (je sais je ne suis pas modo de cette section et je me mêle de ce qui ne me regarde pas), vous seriez gentil pour les lecteurs qui ne veulent pas s'y perdre d'essayer de ne pas mettre le bazar dans un forum déjà bien volumineux lorsque vous y insérez vos contributions (de qualité je le répète), sous peine de s'y perdre :

Il y a déjà un article sur le Kongo dans cette section !
Si vous voulez savoir s'il existe un article ou non sur une unité, vous pouvez consulter le
sommaire.

Modo pour fusion?

En effet.. article fait par zekezeke ici : https://aa-naval-miniatures.forum2jeux.com/histoire-navale-1937-1945-f9/jp-kongo-57-64-t90.htm

Perso j'utilise le post suivant comme guide pour creer/completer un article... : https://aa-naval-miniatures.forum2jeux.com/general-f1/les-unites-de-aanm-et-leur-histoire-index-t464.htm

Je pense meme qu'il faudrait deplacer voir copier ce post it dans la section Histoire Navale, car c'est un peu l'index (bon c'est vrai il y a l'aviation..)..^^

Food for thoughts...

Merci amiral

(les liens étaient déjà dans mon post, mais en masqué, on peut cliquer sur le texte en bleu).